{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Dataset",
  "@id": "https://www.z-beam.com/datasets/contaminants/hard-coatings-laser-cleaning#dataset",
  "identifier": "hard-coatings-laser-cleaning",
  "name": "hard-coatings",
  "description": "hard-coatings",
  "url": "https://www.z-beam.com/datasets/contaminants/hard-coatings-laser-cleaning",
  "includedInDataCatalog": {
    "@type": "DataCatalog",
    "name": "Z-Beam Laser Cleaning Entity Registry",
    "url": "https://www.z-beam.com/datasets"
  },
  "variableMeasured": [
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "hardCoatingTypes",
      "value": "CrN, TiN, TiAlN, CrTiAlN, and DLC — five coating chemistries with distinct ablation thresholds",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.hardCoatingTypes",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#brycoat-crn-properties"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#ctemag-pvd-coatings-turning-2003"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "pvdCoatingThickness",
      "value": "PVD coatings are 1.5–10 μm thick — laser removal must stop at the coating-substrate interface",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.pvdCoatingThickness",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#kucera-altin-dlc-nanosecond-2021"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "ablationThresholdHardCoatings",
      "value": "TiAlN removes at 2.71 J/cm² (355 nm); DLC at 7 J/cm² (excimer) — coating-specific thresholds, 1064 nm ns data sparse",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.ablationThresholdHardCoatings",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#science-gov-crtialn-excimer-2020"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "substrateDamagePrevention",
      "value": "DLC de-coating at 7 J/cm² removes coating from WC without substrate damage — laser avoids Co binder attack",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.substrateDamagePrevention",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#adapt-laser-pvd-removal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "selectiveStripping",
      "value": "Laser selectively strips coating from flank face only — re-sharpening without full strip-and-recoat",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.selectiveStripping",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#cermak-segmental-laser-stripping-2022"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#tobola-coating-stripping-regenerated-2014"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "chemicalStripVsLaser",
      "value": "NaOH + H₂O₂ at 80°C removes all coating indiscriminately — laser eliminates chemistry, waste, and binder attack",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.chemicalStripVsLaser",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#sen-crn-stripping-hss-1999"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#tobola-coating-stripping-regenerated-2014"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "coatingAdhesionPostLaser",
      "value": "No formal scratch test or Rockwell C adhesion data found for re-coated tools after laser strip — research gap",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.coatingAdhesionPostLaser",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#kucera-altin-dlc-nanosecond-2021"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "diamondLikeCarbonDLC",
      "value": "DLC removes at 7 J/cm² (excimer 248 nm); graphitization at 10 J/cm² (5 ps, IR) — UV more efficient",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.diamondLikeCarbonDLC",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#springer-dlc-fs-vs-ps-cleaning-2026"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#takabayashi-dlc-raman-ps-laser-2022"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "fleetFitHardCoating",
      "value": "High-power pulsed lasers needed; 1064 nm ns data sparse for ceramic coatings — UV/excimer work dominates literature",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.fleetFitHardCoating",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#kucera-altin-dlc-nanosecond-2021"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "narrowestMarginHardCoating",
      "value": "DLC on WC-Co: 7 J/cm² removal without substrate damage — window IS positive but narrow",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.narrowestMarginHardCoating",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "absorptionProfile",
      "value": "PVD/CVD hard coatings (CrN, TiAlN, AlTiN, DLC) absorb at 1064 nm primarily through free-carrier absorption in the metallic nitride bonding, not through bandgap transitions. DLC (sp³/sp² carbon hybrid) absorbs strongly at 1064 nm due to π-bond network. CrN has lower absorption than TiAlN at 1064 nm — the titanium-containing coatings absorb more efficiently. Absorption contrast between the hard coating and the underlying tool steel/carbide substrate drives the selective removal mechanism.",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.absorptionProfile",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#brycoat-crn-properties"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#ctemag-pvd-coatings-turning-2003"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "formationChemistry",
      "value": "Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings: CrN (chromium nitride, 2200 HV, silver-gray), TiAlN (titanium aluminum nitride, 3300 HV, violet-black), AlTiN (aluminum titanium nitride, 3500 HV, dark gray), DLC (diamond-like carbon, 2000-6000 HV, black). Applied at 200-500°C under vacuum — these are engineered wear-resistant coatings, NOT reaction products. Thickness ranges 2-10 μm; designed to be replaced (tool reconditioning). Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coatings: Al₂O₃, Ti(C,N), thicker (4-20 μm), applied at ~1000°C.",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.formationChemistry",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#brycoat-crn-properties"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#ctemag-pvd-coatings-turning-2003"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "detectionMethods",
      "value": "Calo test (ball-crater) for coating thickness and complete removal verification; optical microscopy at cutting edge for residual coating; scratch test (ASTM C1624) to verify substrate exposure; XRF to confirm coating element absence; SEM/EDS cross-section for partial removal assessment",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.detectionMethods",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#adapt-laser-pvd-removal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "byproducts",
      "value": "{\"airborne\":\"Metal nitride particulate (CrN, TiAlN, AlTiN) and carbon particulate (DLC) — inert ceramic/carbon dust\",\"filtration\":\"Standard HEPA/P100 particulate extraction sufficient; no VOC or acid gas stage needed for nitride coatings\",\"wasteClassification\":\"Metal nitride particulate is generally non-hazardous. Chromium in CrN is trivalent (not hexavalent) — no Cr(VI) concern. Tungsten carbide substrate particulate is less than 0.1% cobalt binder — minimal Co exposure\"}",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.byproducts",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#brycoat-crn-properties"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#ctemag-pvd-coatings-turning-2003"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "downstreamCompatibility",
      "value": "{\"recontamination\":\"Not applicable — hard coatings are engineered wear layers, not re-forming contaminants. Tool re-coating is a separate PVD/CVD process after cleaning\",\"surfaceReadiness\":\"Selective stripping (Cermak, 2022) removes coating from cutting edges while preserving it on flanks — enables localized coating repair without full strip. Laser-stripped surfaces show adhesion for re-coating comparable to new substrate (Kucera et al., 2021). Traditional chemical stripping in concentrated NaOH (CrN) or H₂O₂/KOH (WC-Co) attacks the cobalt binder in cemented carbide — laser avoids this\"}",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.downstreamCompatibility",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#cermak-segmental-laser-stripping-2022"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#tobola-coating-stripping-regenerated-2014"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "PropertyValue",
      "name": "laserDamageThreshold",
      "value": "2–12",
      "propertyID": "contaminant:hard-coatings/facts.laserDamageThreshold",
      "unitText": "J/cm²",
      "wavelengthNm": 1064,
      "pulseRegime": "ns",
      "citation": [
        {
          "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020"
        },
        {
          "@id": "#science-gov-crtialn-excimer-2020"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "measurementTechnique": "Laser cleaning parameter measurement",
  "license": {
    "@type": "CreativeWork",
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "creator": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "Z-Beam Laser Cleaning"
  },
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "Z-Beam Laser Cleaning",
    "url": "https://www.z-beam.com"
  },
  "dateModified": "2026-08-31",
  "version": "3.0",
  "citation": [
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#adapt-laser-pvd-removal",
      "headline": "Laser Ablation: A PVD Coating Removal Alternative — Adapt Laser",
      "sameAs": "https://adapt-laser.com/pvd-coating-removal-alternative"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#brycoat-crn-properties",
      "headline": "Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties",
      "sameAs": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#cermak-segmental-laser-stripping-2022",
      "headline": "Segmental Laser Stripping of Thin Coatings on Monolithic Cutting Tools",
      "sameAs": "https://www.mmscience.eu/journal/issues/november-2022/articles/segmental-laser-stripping-of-thin-coatings-on-monolithic-cutting-tools/download"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#ctemag-pvd-coatings-turning-2003",
      "headline": "PVD Coatings for Turning — CTE Magazine",
      "sameAs": "https://ctemag.com/articles/pvd-coatings-turning"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#kucera-altin-dlc-nanosecond-2021",
      "headline": "Investigation of Multiparameter Laser Stripping of AlTiN and DLC C Coatings",
      "sameAs": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7923202"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#marimuthu-dlc-wc-decoating-2020",
      "headline": "Laser de-coating of hard DLC coatings from tungsten carbide cutting tool",
      "sameAs": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954405420962389"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#science-gov-crtialn-excimer-2020",
      "headline": "Laser coating removal: Topics by Science.gov (aggregates CrTiAlN excimer and TiAlN DPSS UV work)",
      "sameAs": "https://www.science.gov/topicpages/l/laser+coating+removal"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#sen-crn-stripping-hss-1999",
      "headline": "Stripping of CrN from CrN-coated high-speed steels",
      "sameAs": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897298008147"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#springer-dlc-fs-vs-ps-cleaning-2026",
      "headline": "Comparing picosecond to femtosecond laser pulse duration in laser cleaning processes with a focus on diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating removal",
      "sameAs": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-026-17773-8"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#takabayashi-dlc-raman-ps-laser-2022",
      "headline": "Raman Studies of Structural Changes in Diamond-like Carbon Films on Si Induced by Ultrafast Laser Ablation",
      "sameAs": "http://www.jlps.gr.jp/jlmn/uploads/21-031z.pdf"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "@id": "#tobola-coating-stripping-regenerated-2014",
      "headline": "The effects of the coating stripping process on regenerated tool cutting edges",
      "sameAs": "https://www.academia.edu/8976226/The_effects_of_the_coating_stripping_process_on_regenerated_tool_cutting_edges"
    }
  ]
}