

Ikmanda RoswatiPh.D.Indonesia
Ultrafast Laser Physics and Material InteractionsPublished
Dec 16, 2025
Forging Mill Scale Contamination
Forging-scale, it consists of black oxide layer that forms during hot forging and rolling operations on steel surfaces. This contamination, it shows dense adherence and dark coloration, thus distinguishes from rust by its thermal origin and resistance to mild abrasion. On carbon steel, scale persists strongly and challenges mechanical removal, but laser cleaning effectively ablates it through precise energy absorption, so surface restores without damage.
Safety Information
Critical safety data for laser removal operations
Fire/Explosion Risk
low
Toxic Gas Risk
moderate
Visibility Hazard
moderate
Required Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
PAPR
Eye Protection
goggles
Skin Protection
full_suit
Hazardous Fumes Generated
| Compound | Concentration | Exposure Limit | Hazard Class | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron Oxide (FeO/Fe2O3/Fe3O4) | 5-50 mg/m³ | 5 mg/m³ | irritant | ✓ Within Limit |
| Carbon Monoxide | 10-100 mg/m³ | 29 mg/m³ | toxic | ✓ Within Limit |
| Ozone | 0.1-2.0 mg/m³ | 0.2 mg/m³ | irritant | ✓ Within Limit |
Ventilation Requirements
Air Changes Per Hour
10
Exhaust Velocity
0.5 m/s
Filtration Type
HEPA
Particulate Generation
Respirable Fraction
80%
Size Range
0.1 - 10 μm
Substrate Compatibility Warnings
- •Avoid laser cleaning on painted surfaces containing lead or chromates
- •Ensure substrate is free of oil/grease to prevent additional fume generation
- •Test on small area first - laser may alter base metal surface properties

